Process performance of anaerobic co-digestion of waste activated sludge and aquaculture sludge

The mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion (AcD) performances of waste activated sludge (WAS) and aquaculture sludge (AS) were studied. Mixtures of different compositions (0, 30, 50, 70 and 100 % of AS on the volume basis) were used as AcD substrates and tested via biochemical methane potential assay. The results showed that CH₄ production increased with AS/WAS ratio increment, and AS alone used as the substrate showed the maximum CH₄ yield, which was 8% higher than that achieved using WAS alone as the substrate. The CH₄ yield values were well fitted with the modified Gompertz model. The maximum methane potential (P₀) and maximum methane production rate (R₀) increased from 66.8 mL CH₄/g VS_fed to 70.9 mL CH₄/g VS_fed and from 4.40 mL CH₄/g VS_fed·d to 5.59 mL CH₄/g VS_fed·d, respectively, as the AS/WAS ratio increased from 0% to 100 %. In addition, lower levels of free ammonia and non-biodegradable organic matter contributed to the CH₄ production increasing with AS/WAS ratio increased.     

Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses

Background

Training of Standardbred race horses aims to improve cardiovascular and metabolic functions but studies on the effects of different training strategies from breaking till racing are lacking. Sixteen horses with the goal to race as 3-year-olds were studied from breaking (1-year-olds) to December as 3-year-olds. Horses were allocated to either a control (C) or reduced (R) training program from 2 years of age. The aim was to evaluate the effect of reducing the distance of high intensity exercise by 30% with respect to velocity at lactate concentration 4 mmol/l (V_La4), blood lactate and cardiovascular response. All training sessions were documented and heart rate (HR) was recorded. A standardized exercise test of 1,600 m was performed 10 times and a V_La4 test was performed five times.

Results

C horses initially exercised for a longer time with a HR >180 beats per minute compared to R horses (P < 0.05) but after 6–9 months, time with HR >180 bpm decreased in C and were similar in the two groups (P > 0.05). Over the 2-year period, recovery HR after the 1,600 m-test decreased in both groups but was within 2 months lower in C than in R (P < 0.05). C horses also had lower resting HR as 3-year-olds (P < 0.01) than R horses. In C, post exercise hematocrit was higher than in R (P < 0.05). There was a tendency (P < 0.1) towards a larger aortic diameter in C as 3-year-olds (C: 1.75 ± 0.05, R: 1.70 ± 0.05 cm/100 kg BW). Left ventricle diameter and blood volume (in December as 2-year-olds) did not differ between groups. There were no differences between groups in post exercise blood lactate concentration or in V_La4. Both groups were equally successful in reaching the goal of participation in races.

Conclusions

Horses subjected to a reduced distance of high intensity training from the age of 2 showed an attenuated heart rate response, but were able to maintain the same V_La4 and race participation as horses subjected to longer training distances.     

More evidence that anaerobic oxidation of methane is prevalent in soils: Is it time to upgrade our biogeochemical models?

Estimating future fluxes of CH₄ between land and atmosphere requires well-conceived process-based biogeochemical models. Current models do not represent the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in land surface soils, in spite of increasing evidence that this process is widespread. Our objective was to determine whether AOM, or potential AOM, commonly occurs in 20 hydromorphic soils spanning a wide range of chemical properties. Bulk soil samples were collected under shallow water near the shoreline of 15 recently drained fish ponds in southern Bohemia (Czech Republic), as well as from below the water table at 3 peatland locations in northeast Scotland and 2 acid sulfate soils on the southern coast of Finland. Each soil slurry was incubated under both oxic and anoxic conditions, with or without the addition of alternative electron acceptors (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) or H₂PO₄⁻. Here, “oxic” and “anoxic” conditions refer to anoxic soil respectively incubated in a headspace containing air or argon. Using the isotope dilution method, we determined the gross production and oxidation rates of CH₄ after 2 days incubation under oxic headspace conditions, and after 2, 21 and 60 days incubation under anoxic conditions. Large differences in net CH₄ fluxes were observed between soil types and between incubation conditions. AOM was detected in each of the 20 bulk soil samples, which spanned >6 pH units and 2 orders of magnitude in organic C content. Significant positive relationships were found between AOM and gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic conditions, resulting in AOM rates that were sometimes higher than CH₄ oxidation rates under oxic headspace conditions. There was no relationship between net and gross CH₄ production rates, such that 2 soil types could display similar low net rates, yet conceal very large differences in gross rates. The effects of alternative electron acceptors on AOM were idiosyncratic and resulted in no net trend. We did find, however, a negative effect of SO₄²⁻ and H₂PO₄⁻ on gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic and oxic conditions respectively. Under oxic headspace conditions, CH₄ oxidation was related to soil organic C content. Taken collectively, our results suggest that AOM, or potential AOM, is prevalent over a wide range of soil types, that AOM may contribute substantially to CH₄ oxidation in soils, and that AOM in soils should be integrated to current process-based CH₄ cycling models.     

基于近红外光谱的沼液挥发性脂肪酸含量快速检测

挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile Fatty Acids，VFA）作为厌氧发酵过程的重要中间产物，其在厌氧反应器中的累积能够反映出产甲烷菌的不活跃状态或厌氧发酵条件的恶化。为了实现对农牧废弃物厌氧发酵进行过程分析和状态监控，将近红外光谱（Near Infrared Spectroscopy，NIRS）与偏最小二乘（Partial Least Squares，PLS）相结合构建玉米秸秆和畜禽粪便厌氧发酵液乙酸、丙酸和总酸含量快速检测模型。将竞争自适应重加权采样法（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling，CARS）与遗传模拟退火算法（Genetic Simulated Annealing algorithm，GSA）相结合构建CARS-GSA算法对沼液中的乙酸、丙酸和总酸进行特征波长优选，原始光谱数据1 557个波长点经预处理和波长优选后，得到乙酸、丙酸和总酸特征波长变量分别为135、101和245个，建立的回归模型验证决定系数分别为0.988、0.923和0.886，预测均方根误差（Root Mean Squared Error of Prediction，RMSEP）分别为0.111、0.120和0.727，相对分析误差分别为9.685、3.685和3.484，与全谱建模相比RMSEP分别减少了17.78%、15.49%和1.22%，能够满足农牧废弃物厌氧发酵过程发酵液中乙酸和丙酸含量的快速检测需求，基本满足总酸的检测需求。结果表明，通过构建CARS-GSA算法优选乙酸、丙酸和总酸的敏感波长变量，参与建模的波长点数量显著减少，有效降低了变量维度和模型复杂度，提升了回归模型检测精度和预测能力，为快速准确检测沼液VFA提供了新途径。     

常温下厌氧折流板反应器处理生活污水试验研究

试验考察常温条件下,分析了4格室厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）处理生活污水的效果。研究结果表明：水力停留时间（HRT）为3~15 h,随着HRT增加,对COD去除效果逐渐提高,当HRT为12 h以上时,对COD去除率可达到85%以上;在试验容积负荷范围内与进水COD浓度范围内,ABR反应器对COD去除影响较小;各格室出水C...     

斜板上流式厌氧污泥床处理低浓度有机废水的试验研究

本文报告了用１６．１升斜板上流式厌氧污泥床在常温下处理低浓度有机废水的启动和运行试验研究。试验使用稀释酒精废水为模拟处理基质，启动阶段仅用７７天时间，装置水力负荷达到２ｍ３／（ｍ３．ｄ），ＣＯＤ去除率达到７８．９％，此时进水ＣＯＤ浓度为７６７．８ｍｇ／Ｌ。在第二阶段试验中，仅用一天时间，装置就恢复了时隔半年的正常运行。以后在温度１２℃以上，ＨＲＴ为１２小时，进水ＣＯＤ浓度在６６０．０～９８２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围的１２９天稳定运行中，平均ＣＯＤ去除率为７６．１％。结果表明：采用该工艺处理低浓度有机废水在技术上是可行的，具有启动快，运行稳定，工艺控制简便的优点。水浸没的成组浅层斜板在ＵＡＳＢ／ＩＴＳ反应器中有良好的污泥截留能力和稳流效果，容易生成大颗粒污泥。颗粒污泥最大粒径可达５ｍｍ，ＳＶＩ为１８．２ｍｌ／ｇ。颗粒污泥中以甲烷丝菌为优势菌。     

厌氧消化物对西瓜的促生抑病作用

本文研究了厌氧消化物（沼液和沼渣）对西瓜生长和西瓜枯萎病的影响。用沼液浸种，浓度为０．５％～５％时均可提高发芽率，以２％沼液与８小时浸泡时间为最佳组合，大于５％时降低发芽率。用沼渣与土壤混合，比例为１：５，１：７，１：１０时西瓜生长的各项指标均高于对照，以１：５为最佳；１：３时各项指标与对照相差不多；１：２时各项指标低于对照。沼渣与土壤混合后可抑制西瓜枯萎病，沼渣用量越大抑制作用越明显。当比例为１：７，１：５，１：３时，防效分别为１８％，５８％和８６％。病害发生后用沼液灌根可阻止西瓜枯萎病发展，但没有治疗作用。     

低温和近中温猪粪液厌氧处理的装置比较研究

作了ＵＢＦ、ＵＡＳＢ和厌氧上折流反应器处理猪粪过筛液运行性能的实验室比较。结果表明：它们的运行指标基本一致。综合比较，ＵＢＦ略优于ＵＡＳＢ，ＵＡＳＢ略优于上折流反应器。在发酵温度１０℃段，负荷１．９～２．３ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ），装置产气率平均０．３２～０．５１Ｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ），ＣＯＤ平均去除率８２．２％～９１．０％；１５℃段，负荷２．５～２．６ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ），装置产气率０．５７～０．５９Ｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）；２５℃段，负荷５．５～５．７ｇＣＯＤ／（Ｌ·ｄ），装置产气率１．９３～２．０１Ｌ／（Ｌ·ｄ）。     

不同生物预处理方式对污泥厌氧消化过程性能的影响

利用微生物处理技术对经聚丙烯酰胺脱水后的污泥进行不同方式微生物预处理,研究进料总固体(TS)质量分数为3%、发酵温度为35℃时厌氧消化过程中累积产气量与产甲烷含量、p H值、氨氮和化学需氧量(TCOD)等参数的变化趋势,探索真菌宛氏拟青霉不同预处理方式对脱水污泥厌氧消化过程特性的影响。试验结果表明:微生物预处理脱水污泥厌氧消化技术具有较好的可行性。直接添加宛氏拟青霉和添加宛氏拟青霉预处理2 d的污泥进行厌氧消化反应能够有效提高产气量和产甲烷量,加快水解速率,促进污泥中有机物的有效降解,使产甲烷过程顺利进行。直接添加宛氏拟青霉处理的产甲烷效果最优,其净累积产气量和产甲烷量较纯污泥分别提高85.79%和42.76%,且1 kg污泥可产甲烷12.69 L,较纯污泥提高42.74%。     

折流式水解反应器处理印染前道废水进水pH的影响

印染前处理阶段的前道水在印染废水中占有相当的比重,且难降解.运用折流式反应器(HRT=12 h)对其进行了水解预处理研究,考察了在不同的进水pH时,反应器内各格室的COD值及其去除率随进水pH值的变化规律以及反应器出水BODs/CODcr的变化.试验结果表明,进水pH值适宜范围为7.6～8.8,COD去除率在29%～40%之间,出水BODs/CODcr由进水的0.35左右提高到0.45左右,为印染废水的达标排放处理的水解pH条件提供参考.